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A concordance is an alphabetical list of the principal words used in a book or body of work, listing every instance of each word with its immediate context. Because of the time, difficulty, and expense involved in creating a concordance in the pre-computer era, only works of special importance, such as the Vedas, Bible, Qur'an or the works of Shakespeare or classical Latin and Greek authors, had concordances prepared for them. A concordance is more than an index; additional material, such as commentary, definitions, and topical cross-indexing make producing them a labor-intensive process, even when assisted by computers. In the precomputing era, when search was unavailable, a concordance offered readers of long works such as the Bible something comparable to search results for every word they would have been likely to search for. Today, the ability to combine the result of queries concerning multiple terms (such as searching for words near other words) has reduced interest in concordance publishing. In addition, mathematical techniques such as Latent Semantic Indexing have been proposed as a means of automatically identifying linguistic information based on word context. A bilingual concordance is a concordance based on aligned parallel text. A topical concordance is a list of subjects that a book (usually The Bible) covers, with the immediate context of the coverage of those subjects. Unlike a traditional concordance, the indexed word does not have to appear in the verse. The most well known topical concordance is Nave's Topical Bible. The first concordance, to the Vulgate Bible, was compiled by Hugh of St Cher (d.1262), who employed 500 monks to assist him. In 1448 Rabbi Mordecai Nathan completed a concordance to the Hebrew Bible. It took him ten years. 1599 saw a concordance to the Greek New Testament published by Henry Stephens and the Septuagint was done a couple of years later by Conrad Kircher in 1602. The first concordance to the English bible was published in 1550 by Mr Marbeck. According to Cruden it did not employ the verse numbers devised by Robert Stephens in 1545 but "the pretty large concordance" of Mr Cotton did. Then followed Cruden's Concordance and Strong's Concordance. ==Use in linguistics== Concordances are frequently used in linguistics, when studying a text. For example: * comparing different usages of the same word * analysing keywords * analysing word frequencies * finding and analysing phrases and idioms * finding translations of subsentential elements, e.g. terminology, in bitexts and translation memories * creating indexes and word lists (also useful for publishing) Concordancing techniques are widely used in national corpora such as American National Corpus, British National Corpus, and Corpus of Contemporary American English available on-line. Stand-alone applications that employ concordancing techniques are known as concordancers〔(Introduction to WordSmith )〕 or more advanced corpus managers. Some of them have integrated part-of-speech taggers and enable the user to create his/her own pos-annotated corpora to conduct various type of searches adopted in corpus linguistics.〔(Linguistic Toolbox )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Concordance (publishing)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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